Learning Goal: I'm working on a writing discussion question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
- What would you describe as the primary strengths and potential development opportunities of Kaiser Permanente’s SLP program? What are the primary SLP goals and how effectively does the program achieve these goals?
- Which core leadership competencies is the SLP program designed to develop? What are the skills, knowledge areas, and/or behavioral competencies that are targeted for development via the SLP?
- How should Kaiser Permanente enhance its approach to evaluating the efficacy of the SLP? What are the metrics or outcomes that the organization should capture to assess the efficacy of the program?
- To what extent is a "role-based leadership development" program like the SLP aligned with your organization’s talent development needs? In what ways could greater emphasis on role-based development via strategically aligned projects develop leadership capabilities across your organization
https://bit.ly/3ubAwEH
Wednesday, 29 June 2022
Tuesday, 28 June 2022
Case: LYFT
Please read the case “Lyft” from Chapter 3 “Organizational Commitment” Page: - 81given in your textbook – Organizational behaviour: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace (7th ed). by Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2021) and Answer the following Questions:
Assignment Question(s):
1. Consider the way that Lyft managers its drivers, compared to Uber. Should the things that Lyft does engender affective commitment, continuance commitment, or normative commitment? (03 Marks) (Min words 150-200)
2.Lyft’s drivers are technically independent contractors, rather than employees. Are there reasons to expect them to feel less commitment to the company because of that designation? Why? (03 Marks) (Min words 150-200)
3.Think about the job you seek to hold after graduation from your program. How would you answer the four STARA questions? If your organization began replacing employees with such technology, would that practice alter your commitment levels? (03 Marks) (Min words 200)
Part:-2
Discussion questions: - Please read Chapter 2 & 4 “Job Performance & Job Satisfaction” carefully and then give your answers on the basis of your understanding.
4.Describe a job in which citizenship behaviours would be especially critical to an organization’s functioning, and one in which citizenship behaviours would be less critical. What is it about a job that makes citizenship more important? (02 Marks ) (Min words 200-300)
5. Consider how you would react to 360-degree feedback. If you were the one receiving the feedback, whose views would you value most: your manager’s or your peer’s? (02 Marks ) (Min words 150-200)
6. What steps can organizations take to improve promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, and co-worker satisfaction? (02 Marks ) (Min words 150-200)
Important Note: -
1. Support your submission with course material concepts, principles, and theories from the textbook and at least two scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
2. References required in the assignment. Use APA style for writing references.
https://bit.ly/3bAf5aa
Please read the case “Lyft” from Chapter 3 “Organizational Commitment” Page: - 81given in your textbook – Organizational behaviour: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace (7th ed). by Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2021) and Answer the following Questions:
Assignment Question(s):
1. Consider the way that Lyft managers its drivers, compared to Uber. Should the things that Lyft does engender affective commitment, continuance commitment, or normative commitment? (03 Marks) (Min words 150-200)
2.Lyft’s drivers are technically independent contractors, rather than employees. Are there reasons to expect them to feel less commitment to the company because of that designation? Why? (03 Marks) (Min words 150-200)
3.Think about the job you seek to hold after graduation from your program. How would you answer the four STARA questions? If your organization began replacing employees with such technology, would that practice alter your commitment levels? (03 Marks) (Min words 200)
Part:-2
Discussion questions: - Please read Chapter 2 & 4 “Job Performance & Job Satisfaction” carefully and then give your answers on the basis of your understanding.
4.Describe a job in which citizenship behaviours would be especially critical to an organization’s functioning, and one in which citizenship behaviours would be less critical. What is it about a job that makes citizenship more important? (02 Marks ) (Min words 200-300)
5. Consider how you would react to 360-degree feedback. If you were the one receiving the feedback, whose views would you value most: your manager’s or your peer’s? (02 Marks ) (Min words 150-200)
6. What steps can organizations take to improve promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, and co-worker satisfaction? (02 Marks ) (Min words 150-200)
Important Note: -
1. Support your submission with course material concepts, principles, and theories from the textbook and at least two scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
2. References required in the assignment. Use APA style for writing references.
https://bit.ly/3bAf5aa
This is an 750-1000 word paper in which you will:
(1) present one behavior change and describe how it would improve your short- and long-term health.
(2) write about the reasons why you might want to engage in that behavior change and how you can overcome those barriers.
(3) design a plan for adopting the behavior change that you can make and follow that plan for at least 10 days.
Make sure your plan describes only ONE behavior change, and that the change is specific and measurable.
For this paper, use the following guidelines:
- Formatting: All assignments should be double spaced, with 1” margins all around, Times New Roman 12 point font, and no extra spaces between paragraphs.
https://bit.ly/3yqE08U
(1) present one behavior change and describe how it would improve your short- and long-term health.
(2) write about the reasons why you might want to engage in that behavior change and how you can overcome those barriers.
(3) design a plan for adopting the behavior change that you can make and follow that plan for at least 10 days.
Make sure your plan describes only ONE behavior change, and that the change is specific and measurable.
For this paper, use the following guidelines:
- Formatting: All assignments should be double spaced, with 1” margins all around, Times New Roman 12 point font, and no extra spaces between paragraphs.
https://bit.ly/3yqE08U
You are required to conduct some research into how HR supports organisational performance.1.Provide a brief business justification for managing HR in a professional, ethical and just manner (AC1.3) (approx 100 words)Explain how these have evolved/are evolving in contemporary organisations. (AC1.2) (approx 200 words)Give examples of the main organisational objectives that the HR function is responsible for delivering. (AC1.1) (approx 200 words)2.Give a brief summary of two different ways HR objectives can be delivered in organisations. (AC1.1) (approx 250 words)Analyse how the HR function varies between organisations in different sectors and of different sizes. (AC2.2) You should examine three of the following types of organisation. 1. A public authority (Government Sector) 2. A national private company 3. An SME 4. A voluntary (Third Sector) organisation (approx 250 words)3.Discuss the main criteria and methods used to evaluate the contribution of the HR function (AC3.1) Your response should consider (briefly) the following: 1. HR metrics used to evaluate HR function contribution 2. SLA’s and KPI’s 3. Staff surveys 4. Benchmarking with other organisations 5. Return on Investment (ROI) 6. How a ‘balanced scorecard and/or ‘HR dashboard’ might be used to present HR metrics (approx 500 words)4.With reference to the article you have accessed from Online Services, what are the key messages from the report? (AC4.1) (approx 150 words) (Attached)How convincing do you think these findings are and why? (AC4.1) (approx 150 words)From your understanding of the findings in the report, how can high performance working and investment in people impact on organisational performance? (AC4.2) (approx 200 words)5- ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: Please also comment on how you will transfer the new knowledge and skills gained during this assignment into working practices. You may also use this reflection for your CPD. (approx 200 words)You should also include at least one reference in each section of the report from up to date and relevant sources in order to support your findings
Comments from Customer
Customer is an international student. Please, provide a regular grammatically correct, well-structured paper according to the instructions and academic context provided, written with simple sentence structures and easy vocabulary (or shortly, use simple English).
https://bit.ly/3uxjaCH
Comments from Customer
Customer is an international student. Please, provide a regular grammatically correct, well-structured paper according to the instructions and academic context provided, written with simple sentence structures and easy vocabulary (or shortly, use simple English).
https://bit.ly/3uxjaCH
Your second and final speech is a demonstration of how to do something, like baking a cake, for example. A demonstration normally requires practice beforehand.
Upon successful completion of this exercise, you will be able to:
- Deliver a demonstration speech.
Resources
- Textbook: Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach
- File: Video Tool Step-by-Step Directions.pdf
- Video: Using a YouSeeU Video Tool
https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/566941/sp/56694100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/29627641/partner_id/566941?iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player&entry_id=1_d12bdm1l&flashvars=rtmp&flashvars=rtmp&flashvars=rtmp://www.kaltura.com:1935&flashvars=1&flashvars=en&flashvars=true&flashvars=true&flashvars=left&flashvars=true&flashvars=true&flashvars=vertical&flashvars=false&flashvars=true&flashvars=videoHolder&flashvars=true&&wid=1_rr0n8jsw
Background Information
Guidelines for speeches:
- When filming your speech:- Stand erect during all speeches (except for possibly sitting during the demonstration speech).
- Frame the view to include your head, shoulders, and hand gestures.
- Whenever possible, deliver your speech in front of a live audience.
- Be sure to have the three basic parts of a speech:- Introduction.
- Discussion (body).
- Conclusion.
- Focus your content so that it has good unity and a clear message for your specific audience.
- Think of internal transitions and signals that show coherence and the development of thoughts.
- Plan an interesting "catchy" opening.
- End with a "memorable" closing statement.
- Rehearse your speech, using your outline as a guide for telling your message. Do not read to your audience!
- Check the following techniques:- Effective use of vocal variety.
- Natural, but not sloppy, posture; erect, but not stiff.
- Good use of nonverbal signals: eyes flowing about the audience, not too rapidly nor staring; gestures; and appropriate body movement.
- Natural, but controlled, breathing
Instructions
- Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
- Make sure you have read chapters 14 and 15 from your textbook.
- Prepare and deliver a five to seven minute demonstration speech. Select a topic in which you passionately believe and which clearly targets your IWU class audience. Include three supporting materials that are clearly evident in your speech.
- Record your speech using the YouSeeU tool. The steps for using this tool are as follows:- Access the Virtual Assignment page.- Verify you are on the 4.2 Video Assignment.
- Select the assignment you want to work on.
- The instruction related to the use of the tool may be outdated. Make sure you follow any instructions related to the content of the speech.
- Select the PLUS circle at the bottom of the page to add a video- You may RECORD a video – this will require you to “allow” use of your camera and microphone on a pop-up
- You may UPLOAD a video – from YouTube, Dropbox, etc.
- Edit your video if needed
- Save your video
- WAIT – please wait while your video is loading (this may take 15 minutes). Be patient.
- Select the three dots next to your recording in the “Work In Progress” area.- Review
- Edit, if needed (or delete and start over)
- Select “Mark as Ready” when you are ready. This will move your recording into the Ready to Submit box area.
- Submit Assignment
- You may want to print out the document "Video Tool Step-by-Step Directions" as a resource to guide you through this process.
- This activity is due by the end of the sixth day of the workshop
https://bit.ly/3QXX6KI
Upon successful completion of this exercise, you will be able to:
- Deliver a demonstration speech.
Resources
- Textbook: Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach
- File: Video Tool Step-by-Step Directions.pdf
- Video: Using a YouSeeU Video Tool
https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/566941/sp/56694100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/29627641/partner_id/566941?iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player&entry_id=1_d12bdm1l&flashvars=rtmp&flashvars=rtmp&flashvars=rtmp://www.kaltura.com:1935&flashvars=1&flashvars=en&flashvars=true&flashvars=true&flashvars=left&flashvars=true&flashvars=true&flashvars=vertical&flashvars=false&flashvars=true&flashvars=videoHolder&flashvars=true&&wid=1_rr0n8jsw
Background Information
Guidelines for speeches:
- When filming your speech:- Stand erect during all speeches (except for possibly sitting during the demonstration speech).
- Frame the view to include your head, shoulders, and hand gestures.
- Whenever possible, deliver your speech in front of a live audience.
- Be sure to have the three basic parts of a speech:- Introduction.
- Discussion (body).
- Conclusion.
- Focus your content so that it has good unity and a clear message for your specific audience.
- Think of internal transitions and signals that show coherence and the development of thoughts.
- Plan an interesting "catchy" opening.
- End with a "memorable" closing statement.
- Rehearse your speech, using your outline as a guide for telling your message. Do not read to your audience!
- Check the following techniques:- Effective use of vocal variety.
- Natural, but not sloppy, posture; erect, but not stiff.
- Good use of nonverbal signals: eyes flowing about the audience, not too rapidly nor staring; gestures; and appropriate body movement.
- Natural, but controlled, breathing
Instructions
- Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
- Make sure you have read chapters 14 and 15 from your textbook.
- Prepare and deliver a five to seven minute demonstration speech. Select a topic in which you passionately believe and which clearly targets your IWU class audience. Include three supporting materials that are clearly evident in your speech.
- Record your speech using the YouSeeU tool. The steps for using this tool are as follows:- Access the Virtual Assignment page.- Verify you are on the 4.2 Video Assignment.
- Select the assignment you want to work on.
- The instruction related to the use of the tool may be outdated. Make sure you follow any instructions related to the content of the speech.
- Select the PLUS circle at the bottom of the page to add a video- You may RECORD a video – this will require you to “allow” use of your camera and microphone on a pop-up
- You may UPLOAD a video – from YouTube, Dropbox, etc.
- Edit your video if needed
- Save your video
- WAIT – please wait while your video is loading (this may take 15 minutes). Be patient.
- Select the three dots next to your recording in the “Work In Progress” area.- Review
- Edit, if needed (or delete and start over)
- Select “Mark as Ready” when you are ready. This will move your recording into the Ready to Submit box area.
- Submit Assignment
- You may want to print out the document "Video Tool Step-by-Step Directions" as a resource to guide you through this process.
- This activity is due by the end of the sixth day of the workshop
https://bit.ly/3QXX6KI
Select one target population from the populations provided in the Target Population document found in your Learning Resources. Select at least three peer-reviewed, scholarly articles related to your assigned topic and target population. Submit a 3- to 4-page paper (not including title page and references) that includes the following:
Title page Health Belief Model
In your own words, provide a brief description of the Health Belief Model. Perceived Benefits and Perceived Barriers Using the constructs of perceived benefits and perceived barriers, describe the assigned health topic and how these constructs apply to your selected target group. Be specific and provide examples. Other Constructs Select two other constructs of your choice and describe how the constructs specifically apply to your target group and the assigned health topic. Be specific and provide examples.
Summary of HBM
Summarize the HBM and its application to your selected target and assigned health topic. APA formatted references Note: Be sure to cite the sources within your text where you refer to them using APA format. Include peer-reviewed journal articles that establish the evidence-based research for your responses. PUBH 6038/HLTH 8038
Target Populations
• Adults
• African Americans
• Asian Americans
• Caucasians
• College students
• Female sex workers
• Hispanic males
• Latina women
• Latino men
• LBGTQ individuals
• Low-income urbanites
• Mexican Americans
• Native Americans
• New mothers
• Older adults
• Pacific Islanders
• Parents
• Parents and children
• Parents and grandparents
• School children
• University students
• Women
• Women and men
https://bit.ly/3HXtV6B
Title page Health Belief Model
In your own words, provide a brief description of the Health Belief Model. Perceived Benefits and Perceived Barriers Using the constructs of perceived benefits and perceived barriers, describe the assigned health topic and how these constructs apply to your selected target group. Be specific and provide examples. Other Constructs Select two other constructs of your choice and describe how the constructs specifically apply to your target group and the assigned health topic. Be specific and provide examples.
Summary of HBM
Summarize the HBM and its application to your selected target and assigned health topic. APA formatted references Note: Be sure to cite the sources within your text where you refer to them using APA format. Include peer-reviewed journal articles that establish the evidence-based research for your responses. PUBH 6038/HLTH 8038
Target Populations
• Adults
• African Americans
• Asian Americans
• Caucasians
• College students
• Female sex workers
• Hispanic males
• Latina women
• Latino men
• LBGTQ individuals
• Low-income urbanites
• Mexican Americans
• Native Americans
• New mothers
• Older adults
• Pacific Islanders
• Parents
• Parents and children
• Parents and grandparents
• School children
• University students
• Women
• Women and men
https://bit.ly/3HXtV6B
Monday, 27 June 2022
Competing notions of “freedom” were at the heart of post-Civil War Reconstruction. Describe the ideas of freedom advanced in one of the assigned documents and suggest some of the ways in which it might have come into conflict with alternative views of freedom.
By 11:59 pm on Wednesday, write a 200-word discussion board post in response to the prompt. In your response, you must quote or make reference to at least one of the documents assigned for reading in this module. You may also use material addressed in the lecture videos
You should have references from book voice of freedom 6th edition you should have also the pages number
This lecture Video I can’t send the video so I send a text that on the lecture
We're going to cover
a lot of ground in this lecture. And rather than stressing the particulars
here I want you to keep an eye on on the sort of bigger picture and this is going to be the back and forth between the Republican party in Washington DC and
white Southerners on the ground over the
attempt to give shape to the reconstruction
process and to shape the meaning of freedom in the
post-Civil War era. So when we left
off last time the former Confederate
states had just passed the
black codes. These were laws that
attempted to limit the civil rights of the formerly enslaved
African-Americans of the South. And it's in this
context in late 1865 that Congress comes
back into session. Now the first thing
that Republicans in Congress do is they simply refuse to seat the
claimants who had been elected to Congress under Andrew Johnson's policies. So Johnson has declared effectively that
Reconstruction is over that the South
is ready to return to Washington DC to take
it seats in Congress. Congress says not so fast. The US Constitution
gives Congress the right to judge the qualifications
of its own members. And the Republicans
in Congress in late 1865 say well we're not sure that Reconstruction is
over just yet. We're not quite ready to let former
Confederate generals back into Congress. So again the
Republican Party dominated Congress in
the early years of reconstruction that
the Republicans were the Party of Abraham
Lincoln the Union war effort and
of emancipation. The southern
states had not yet reclaimed their
seats in Congress. So it's no surprise that northern
Republicans constitute a large majority in both the House of
Representatives and the Senate. The two most important Radical Republican
leaders in Congress were Massachusetts Senator
Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Representative
Thaddeus Stevens. We talked a
little bit about the radical republican
worldview in our last lecture. But
I want to point out at this point that not all Republicans
in Congress were radical there were
moderates and conservative
Republicans as well. So while Sumner and Stevens and their radical
allies supported for instance granting
the right to vote to Southern African Americans immediately other more conservative
Republicans weren't. So sure and preferred to proceed a little
bit more slowly. So at least initially congressional
Republicans focused on protecting the civil rights of African Americans
in the South. First of all this
means overturning those black codes that had made a mockery of black
freedom in the South. In early 1866
Congress passed a civil rights bill that
declared all people born in the United States with the exception of Native Americans citizens of the United States and established a set of basic civil rights that the federal government
would protect for its citizens significantly
African-Americans were included in the bounds of
American citizenship as established in 1866
Civil Rights Bill. Andrew Johnson who for his part felt that
Reconstruction was effectively over and that such attempts to protect black civil rights or unnecessary and dangerous. Andrew Johnson vetoed
the bill but Congress was able to pass
it over his veto Now in the meantime the situation on the ground in the South was
starting to deteriorate. And what we're
going to see here is this back
and forth where Congress take steps to protect black civil rights. And then Southern whites responds with an
attempt to control black freedom and to limit African-American
civil rights on the ground in the South so it goes back and forth. Congress acts
the white South reacts Congress act. Again the white South
reacts yet again. So in the summer
of 1866 violence across the South reaches epidemic proportions
white mobs in New Orleans and Memphis massacre dozens of
African-Americans representatives of
the Freedmen's Bureau in the South reported there was a widespread reported
widespread violence and in near universal unwillingness
on the part of white Southerners
to respect the civil rights of black men and black women. In spite of the passage of the Civil Rights Bill
earlier that year. In this context Congress
is kinda response. They seek to make
those guarantees of civil rights
more permanent. So they pass a
14th Amendment to the United States
Constitution. The 14th Amendment
defines the boundaries of American citizenship
and the rights guaranteed to citizens. This is really a
landmark piece of legislation a
landmark Amendment to the United States
Constitution. It lays out really for
the first time that the federal government
is duty-bound to protect certain
fundamental rights of its citizens. Now in order to be added to the Constitution it
constitutional amendment proposed amendment must be ratified by three-quarters
of the states. When this new Fourteenth
Amendment proposed Fourteenth Amendment
is sent to the states. The former
Confederate states refused to ratify
it in several of the Southern states to vote against ratification
was unanimous. So clear refusal
on the part of the former
Confederate states to accept this amendment which seeks to protect
the civil rights and the freedoms of formerly enslaved
African-Americans. So by early 1867
the idea of extending the right to vote African-American men. This is something
that had been too extreme for many members of the Republican Party only a year earlier but by early 1867 this idea
has an obvious appeal. White Southerners
intransigence The Black Codes the violence of the
summer of 1866 the refusal to ratify the proposed
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It is clear that the former
Confederate states are doing everything in their power to deny African American freedom
and civil rights. So it's in this context
that Republicans in Congress will turn
to the black votes. The logic here is that armed with the
right to vote Southern African
Americans would be able to protect themselves. They could elect
politicians who would represent
their interests on the local level and they
will help to create a more wholesome political atmosphere in the South. So in the
Reconstruction Act of 1867 Congress took an unprecedented step
extending the right to vote to Southern
African Americans. In addition that they
took power away from the white supremacist state governments that had been running the states since Andrew Johnson's may
proclamations of 1865. And finally the
Reconstruction Act charged that US military
with keeping order until new state governments which this time
would be elected by black as well as white voters could
take their place Sort of more than two years a population that had been enslaved had
become citizens and had earned the
right to vote. Former slaves were
now eligible to vote to hold public office. For the first time the South's
political regime was truly biracial and represented all of the region's
population rather than just the
white population. In addition the federal
government had taken a firm position
had established a baseline of civil rights for all of its citizens has shown a
willingness to stand up and protect those rights to make the promises of African American
freedom real in the early
reconstruction period. This is why this
period comes to be known as radical
reconstruction. So to close out
this lecture I want to talk it out one more new
development in US history that we see in the early reconstruction
period namely the impeachment of a
sitting president. In 1867 the US House
of Representatives brought charges against President Andrew
Johnson stemming from his improper removal of
the Secretary of War. In fact Congress is
real problem with Andrew Johnson went
much deeper than this. Since 1865 Johnson
had done everything in his power to subvert the reconstruction process. Believing that
reconstruction or restoration as he
preferred to call it was effectively
complete in mid to late 1865 Johnson
had since vetoed every piece of
Reconstruction legislation that Congress
had sent him and he had worked actively with the enemies of
reconstruction across the south to foil republican plans to pacify and bring order two. The former
Confederate states from the perspective of congressional Republicans. Therefore Andrew Johnson
simply had to go the future of the post-Civil War
South was at stake. So as outlined in
the US Constitution the House of
Representatives voted on the impeachment charges and then presented
its case to the Senate which would act as the jury in the
impeachment trial. If found guilty Johnson
would be removed from office 36 guilty votes would have been required to remove Johnson
from office but only 35 senators
voted against him. The impeachment attempt to therefore fails and Andrew Johnson
remains in office. So after the middle
of 1867 the center of political action would
shift to the south. But Republicans
in Congress had presided over an
extraordinary set of developments
between 18651867. They had created a
biracial democracy in a region barely
removed from slavery. They made real the promises of African-American
Freedom and establish the federal government
as a protector of the civil and
political rights of all of its citizens. And next time we will pick up the story at this point
https://bit.ly/39SxoqE
By 11:59 pm on Wednesday, write a 200-word discussion board post in response to the prompt. In your response, you must quote or make reference to at least one of the documents assigned for reading in this module. You may also use material addressed in the lecture videos
You should have references from book voice of freedom 6th edition you should have also the pages number
This lecture Video I can’t send the video so I send a text that on the lecture
We're going to cover
a lot of ground in this lecture. And rather than stressing the particulars
here I want you to keep an eye on on the sort of bigger picture and this is going to be the back and forth between the Republican party in Washington DC and
white Southerners on the ground over the
attempt to give shape to the reconstruction
process and to shape the meaning of freedom in the
post-Civil War era. So when we left
off last time the former Confederate
states had just passed the
black codes. These were laws that
attempted to limit the civil rights of the formerly enslaved
African-Americans of the South. And it's in this
context in late 1865 that Congress comes
back into session. Now the first thing
that Republicans in Congress do is they simply refuse to seat the
claimants who had been elected to Congress under Andrew Johnson's policies. So Johnson has declared effectively that
Reconstruction is over that the South
is ready to return to Washington DC to take
it seats in Congress. Congress says not so fast. The US Constitution
gives Congress the right to judge the qualifications
of its own members. And the Republicans
in Congress in late 1865 say well we're not sure that Reconstruction is
over just yet. We're not quite ready to let former
Confederate generals back into Congress. So again the
Republican Party dominated Congress in
the early years of reconstruction that
the Republicans were the Party of Abraham
Lincoln the Union war effort and
of emancipation. The southern
states had not yet reclaimed their
seats in Congress. So it's no surprise that northern
Republicans constitute a large majority in both the House of
Representatives and the Senate. The two most important Radical Republican
leaders in Congress were Massachusetts Senator
Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Representative
Thaddeus Stevens. We talked a
little bit about the radical republican
worldview in our last lecture. But
I want to point out at this point that not all Republicans
in Congress were radical there were
moderates and conservative
Republicans as well. So while Sumner and Stevens and their radical
allies supported for instance granting
the right to vote to Southern African Americans immediately other more conservative
Republicans weren't. So sure and preferred to proceed a little
bit more slowly. So at least initially congressional
Republicans focused on protecting the civil rights of African Americans
in the South. First of all this
means overturning those black codes that had made a mockery of black
freedom in the South. In early 1866
Congress passed a civil rights bill that
declared all people born in the United States with the exception of Native Americans citizens of the United States and established a set of basic civil rights that the federal government
would protect for its citizens significantly
African-Americans were included in the bounds of
American citizenship as established in 1866
Civil Rights Bill. Andrew Johnson who for his part felt that
Reconstruction was effectively over and that such attempts to protect black civil rights or unnecessary and dangerous. Andrew Johnson vetoed
the bill but Congress was able to pass
it over his veto Now in the meantime the situation on the ground in the South was
starting to deteriorate. And what we're
going to see here is this back
and forth where Congress take steps to protect black civil rights. And then Southern whites responds with an
attempt to control black freedom and to limit African-American
civil rights on the ground in the South so it goes back and forth. Congress acts
the white South reacts Congress act. Again the white South
reacts yet again. So in the summer
of 1866 violence across the South reaches epidemic proportions
white mobs in New Orleans and Memphis massacre dozens of
African-Americans representatives of
the Freedmen's Bureau in the South reported there was a widespread reported
widespread violence and in near universal unwillingness
on the part of white Southerners
to respect the civil rights of black men and black women. In spite of the passage of the Civil Rights Bill
earlier that year. In this context Congress
is kinda response. They seek to make
those guarantees of civil rights
more permanent. So they pass a
14th Amendment to the United States
Constitution. The 14th Amendment
defines the boundaries of American citizenship
and the rights guaranteed to citizens. This is really a
landmark piece of legislation a
landmark Amendment to the United States
Constitution. It lays out really for
the first time that the federal government
is duty-bound to protect certain
fundamental rights of its citizens. Now in order to be added to the Constitution it
constitutional amendment proposed amendment must be ratified by three-quarters
of the states. When this new Fourteenth
Amendment proposed Fourteenth Amendment
is sent to the states. The former
Confederate states refused to ratify
it in several of the Southern states to vote against ratification
was unanimous. So clear refusal
on the part of the former
Confederate states to accept this amendment which seeks to protect
the civil rights and the freedoms of formerly enslaved
African-Americans. So by early 1867
the idea of extending the right to vote African-American men. This is something
that had been too extreme for many members of the Republican Party only a year earlier but by early 1867 this idea
has an obvious appeal. White Southerners
intransigence The Black Codes the violence of the
summer of 1866 the refusal to ratify the proposed
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It is clear that the former
Confederate states are doing everything in their power to deny African American freedom
and civil rights. So it's in this context
that Republicans in Congress will turn
to the black votes. The logic here is that armed with the
right to vote Southern African
Americans would be able to protect themselves. They could elect
politicians who would represent
their interests on the local level and they
will help to create a more wholesome political atmosphere in the South. So in the
Reconstruction Act of 1867 Congress took an unprecedented step
extending the right to vote to Southern
African Americans. In addition that they
took power away from the white supremacist state governments that had been running the states since Andrew Johnson's may
proclamations of 1865. And finally the
Reconstruction Act charged that US military
with keeping order until new state governments which this time
would be elected by black as well as white voters could
take their place Sort of more than two years a population that had been enslaved had
become citizens and had earned the
right to vote. Former slaves were
now eligible to vote to hold public office. For the first time the South's
political regime was truly biracial and represented all of the region's
population rather than just the
white population. In addition the federal
government had taken a firm position
had established a baseline of civil rights for all of its citizens has shown a
willingness to stand up and protect those rights to make the promises of African American
freedom real in the early
reconstruction period. This is why this
period comes to be known as radical
reconstruction. So to close out
this lecture I want to talk it out one more new
development in US history that we see in the early reconstruction
period namely the impeachment of a
sitting president. In 1867 the US House
of Representatives brought charges against President Andrew
Johnson stemming from his improper removal of
the Secretary of War. In fact Congress is
real problem with Andrew Johnson went
much deeper than this. Since 1865 Johnson
had done everything in his power to subvert the reconstruction process. Believing that
reconstruction or restoration as he
preferred to call it was effectively
complete in mid to late 1865 Johnson
had since vetoed every piece of
Reconstruction legislation that Congress
had sent him and he had worked actively with the enemies of
reconstruction across the south to foil republican plans to pacify and bring order two. The former
Confederate states from the perspective of congressional Republicans. Therefore Andrew Johnson
simply had to go the future of the post-Civil War
South was at stake. So as outlined in
the US Constitution the House of
Representatives voted on the impeachment charges and then presented
its case to the Senate which would act as the jury in the
impeachment trial. If found guilty Johnson
would be removed from office 36 guilty votes would have been required to remove Johnson
from office but only 35 senators
voted against him. The impeachment attempt to therefore fails and Andrew Johnson
remains in office. So after the middle
of 1867 the center of political action would
shift to the south. But Republicans
in Congress had presided over an
extraordinary set of developments
between 18651867. They had created a
biracial democracy in a region barely
removed from slavery. They made real the promises of African-American
Freedom and establish the federal government
as a protector of the civil and
political rights of all of its citizens. And next time we will pick up the story at this point
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